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Articles Footlose
in
Vancouver The
Mighty
Yellowhead Rocky
Mountain
Romance THIS
EDITION IS IN PROGRESS. MORE TO
COME Museums Africa
Travel Series |
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Editor's
note: One of the highlights of our
career in publishing was a visit to
Railfair in Sacramento. It was held at
the California State Railroad Museum
and was certainly an event to remember.
We hope Railfair continues. The
Railroad Technology Museum at the
Southern Pacific Railroad Sacramento
Shops Momentum
Builds with Completion of Reconstructed
Transfer Table In late
1999, the Museum secured a lease from
Union Pacific Railroad on the complex's
two main structures, the Boiler Shop
and Erecting Shop. These cavernous
structures both date from the days when
steam locomotives were built and
repaired at the Sacramento Shops.
Portions of the massive, brick Erecting
Shop date from 1869 and SP predecessor
Central Pacific Railroad (CP). As such,
the Southern Pacific Sacramento Shops
include the only surviving CP
structures standing when America's
first transcontinental railroad was
completed. In
early 2000, the Museum completed moving
its restoration facilities into the
former Boiler Shop. In order to fully
occupy the Erecting Shop with
full-sized locomotives and cars,
however, reconstruction of the Transfer
Table&emdash;a bridge-like structure
that allows access to the many "work
bays" within the Erecting
Shop&emdash;has been essential.
Construction of the Transfer Table
began during mid-2001, and it was
completed in spring 2003. This $500,000
project has been funded through State
Parks Deferred Maintenance allocations
and a major fundraising campaign
conducted by the CSRM Foundation in
2000-2001. The
completed Transfer Table now allows
access to the Erecting Shop for the
Museum's collection of historic
railroad locomotives and cars. Stored
outside for years, these historic
items&emdash;many awaiting
restoration&emdash;are considered a top
priority for conservation by the
Museum. Many of the locomotives and
cars will become exhibits within the
new Railroad Technology Museum,
showcasing over a century of
technological development and
innovation in the railroad
industry. Restoration
and maintenance activities for the
Museum's collection of full-sized
locomotives and cars have been
conducted since 2000 in the complex's
Boiler Shop. In December 2002, the
latest project&emdash;refurbishment of
a 1920s vintage coach with a
Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad heritage
for operation on the Museum's excursion
railroad, the Sacramento
Southern&emdash;was completed at the
facility. Construction of the Transfer
Table has also taken place in the
complex's Boiler Shop, given its
proximity to necessary tools and
expertise. Ongoing
maintenance of the Museum's operating
steam and diesel locomotives takes
place in the Boiler Shop, along with
maintenance of the Museum's coaches and
converted freight cars which regularly
carry school groups in spring and fall,
and families during the summer. The
necessary support systems for the
Museum's operating
railroad&emdash;track materials,
specialized machinery, and wayside and
at-grade crossing signals&emdash;are
built and maintained here as well. Also
under way is a railcar conservation
project for another State Park, Colonel
Allensworth State Historic Park,
attesting to the Shops' ability to
provide skills and tooling for a
variety of activities. Background The
Railroad Technology Museum (RTM)
was envisioned in the very first
planning documents created to guide
development of the California State
Railroad Museum. Planning for the RTM
began in the mid-1980s, following
completion of CSRM's flagship, the
100,000 square-foot Railroad History
Museum in Old Sacramento. Intended to
complement that facility, the RTM would
convert a portion of the 44-acre
historic Southern Pacific Sacramento
Shops site into a dynamic cultural
attraction. The
ambitious project would increase the
drawing power of Sacramento as a
cultural and tourism destination, and
provide a unique focal point for
surrounding Downtown Railyards and
waterfront redevelopment efforts.
Originally envisioned at a waterfront
location south of Old Sacramento, the
Railroad Technology Museum is much
better suited for development in the
former Southern Pacific Sacramento
Shops. This adaptive yet historic
re-use project would preserve the very
structures that best commemorate and
celebrate the history and technology of
railroading in California. It
would benefit the Museum's commercial
and residential
neighbors&emdash;including Old
Sacramento, the Union Pacific Railroad,
and the City and County of
Sacramento&emdash;and help spur
redevelopment of the Railyards in a
positive, historically appropriate
manner. The spacious railroad shop
buildings would house CSRM's collection
of historic locomotives and railroad
cars, plus formal museum exhibit
galleries interpreting railroad
engineering and technology. Children
would have the opportunity to explore
fundamental physics and engineering
principles through hands-on,
interactive exhibits. Through the use
of sectioned locomotives, scale models,
interactive displays, oral histories,
and other interpretive techniques, the
Museum and its staff would educate the
public about steam and diesel
locomotion, track structure design and
wheel interface, the importance of the
Shops and its labor force in the
development of Sacramento, and the
relevance of railroads in helping meet
the transportation challenges of the
future for California and the United
States. Another
significant aspect of the Railroad
Technology Museum is the opportunity
for the public to regularly view
ongoing restoration work. Previously,
this important aspect of the California
State Railroad Museum's work has been
conducted offsite, not accessible to
the public. The ability to watch
artisans working "real time" on steam
and diesel locomotives, wooden and
steel railroad cars, and other types of
projects has significant informational
and educational value. The facility
could easily support curriculum-based
educational programs for teenagers and
young adults. Vocational educational
programs could be established in
conjunction with ongoing renovation
work, offering new skills training and
development. To this
end, the Sacramento City Council in
late 1999 voted unanimously in support
of the concept of locating the Railroad
Technology Museum in the former
Southern Pacific Sacramento Shops. The
Railroad Technology Museum portion of
the project is estimated to cost
approximately $25 million. Development
of other existing structures within the
historic Shops complex are being
discussed with the Union Pacific
Railroad and railyard developers, as
well as other cultural organizations
potentially interested in the
site. Benefiting
the Community The
Railroad Technology Museum represents a
unique opportunity to secure public
stewardship of the oldest (and for a
time, largest) industrial complex west
of the Mississippi River, which for 80
years was also the Central Valley's
largest employer. It would create an
urban museum complex contiguous with
the Old Sacramento Historic District,
itself internationally known, and its
location and appeal would help foster
surrounding transit-oriented
development. The
Railroad Technology Museum would
benefit the community in numerous ways.
As the region's largest employer for
decades, the Southern Pacific
Sacramento Shops fundamentally
influenced the development,
concentration, and growth of many
ethnic groups in Sacramento and the
Central Valley. Ethnic diversity and
community pride will be demonstrated
through ongoing study and exhibition
focused on the thousands of workers
once employed in the Shops. The
California State Railroad Museum is
uniquely equipped to foster the
preservation and appreciation of
California's rich railroading heritage.
The Museum's primary mission is to
preserve key railroad heritage
resources, and make them available to
the widest possible audience. Assisting
the Museum (a unit of California State
Parks) in its mission is the California
State Railroad Museum Foundation, a
non-profit organization chartered to
raise and manage funds on behalf of the
Museum and to provide a variety of
additional support services. Operated
by California State Parks with
assistance from the non-profit CSRM
Foundation, the California State
Railroad Museum is open daily from 10
a.m. to 5 p.m. except Thanksgiving,
Christmas, and New Year's Day. Widely
regarded as North America's finest and
most-visited railroad museum, the
complex of facilities includes the
100,000-square foot Museum of Railroad
History plus the reconstructed Central
Pacific Railroad Passenger Station and
Freight Depot, 1849 Eagle Theatre, and
Big Four and Dingley Spice Mill
buildings in Old Sacramento State
Historic Park. A
Taste of Canada. I appeal to nature lovers
and adventurous souls with a taste for the finer
things. So, get out the fishing rod, thermos jug
and picnic basket! This great drive might easily
be called a Great Canadian Taste Tour. Why? --
the Yellowhead crosses and parallels famous
rivers and nameless streams, skirts many lakes
great and small, visits orchards, ranches,
farmers markets and unique dining spots. You can
feast on Winnipeg Goldeye, rainbow trout,
Pacific salmon, Alaska king crab, oysters,
mussels and clams, prairie chicken, moose steak,
buffalo burgers, award-winning Alberta beef and
Okanagan wines. Add the world's finest cereal
grains and 1001 varieties of ethnic fare -- how
near to heaven can you get? And if you like to
sing on long car trips, there's always a
cinemascopic backdrop to enhance the
performance; prairie skies, tumbleweed, moose
pastures, rippling waterfalls and pristine
mountain lakes. Can't you hear Rose Marie's
"Indian Love Call" echoing in the
distance? An
Expanding Panorama. To those who cherish
folklore and love to collect anecdotes of
Canadian history, a trip along my ribbon of
asphalt is a veritable feast. Each native or
ethnic village, national park and historic site
along my path tells its own story, of an event,
place or special person who left his or her
mark. All contributed to the fabric of Canada,
Often it is the foreigners who see the treasure
most clearly. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of
Sherlock Holmes compared Canada to an expanding
flower; "Wherever you look you see some fresh
petal unfolding." Sir Winston Churchill spoke of
Canadians, "There are no limits to the majestic
future which lies before the mighty expanse of
Canada, with its virile, aspiring, cultured and
generous-hearted people." A Picture
Perfect Tour What People
Say About Yellowhead MANITOBA Great cities have grown
up along my treasured path, and the first among
them to gain international stature was Winnipeg.
Like a beautiful woman, she's had famous
admirers -- and not all were bankers, real
estate millionaires or railway barons. Author
Rudyard Kipling was so enthralled by her charms,
he wrote, "The prairie is high veldt, plus hope,
activity and reward. Winnipeg is the door to it
... a great city in a great plain." Author Agnes
De Mille, speaking of the Royal Winnipeg
Ballet's rise to fame, commented, "The citizens
of Winnipeg support the company because it is
fine and because the citizens are neither
surfeited nor corrupted. They take joy in
beautiful things." Generations of children the
world over relate to Winnipeg thanks to A.A.
Milne's Winnie the Pooh, immortalized in books
and on the silver screen by Walt Disney. Harking
back to grade school days, many Canadians will
recall how the poem "Winnipeg at Christmas,"
captures the charm of a frosty wonderland. Yes,
the citizens here really do like the title
"Winterpeg." Call her Chicago
North, Canada's Crossroads, or simply "The Peg,"
Manitoba's capital is home to over fifty ethnic
groups, all of which take part in the annual
Winnipeg Folk Festival or "Folklorama," a
Manitoba Mardis Gras. Read the street signs,
phone book and place names and you'll soon
discover that Winnipeg is the largest center of
French culture outside Quebec Province. The
city's annual "Festival du Voyageurs" is akin to
the Quebec Winter Carnival, saluting the hardy
pioneers that opened the west by canoe and
muscle power. The
Forks. Check the city map; see how
Winnipeg's streets and avenues converge like the
spokes of a giant bicycle wheel. Three historic
rivers, the Red, Assiniboine and Seine, merge
here at a place called "The Forks." Not long
ago, trains shunted back and forth, and river
craft dumped their cargo at this busy downtown
site. Today it's the "in place" -- an oasis of
greenery, scenery and people-watching, with
shops, sidewalk cafes, and a delightful
riverfront promenade. To many first nations
people, The Forks is where their ancestors
hunted, fished and camped for centuries. The
Forks National Historic Site preserves that
6,000-year legacy with interpretive programs,
displays, sculptures, festivals and special
events. Footloose in
Winnipeg. With so many heritage sites
located in concentrated areas, walking tours
have become a very popular way to 'do' the town.
Besides the Forks, Winnipeg has numerous
attractions to round out a visitor's agenda;
Assiniboine Park, Manitoba's Parliament
Buildings, Royal Canadian Mint, Winnipeg Art
Gallery, Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature,
Dalnavert Museum, Manitoba Children's Museum,
Red River Exhibition Park, Little Italy, Jewish
Heritage Centre of Western Canada, Manitoba
Theatre for Young People, Polo Park, Western
Canadian Aviation Museum, Osborne Village, the
Exchange District National Historic Site,
Portage Avenue and Portage Place Shopping
Centre. Each is a precious jewel in the city's
crown. We're sure you will discover even more
treasures on your own. Home of the
famous White Horse. Steeped in history and
folklore of the Assiniboine, Cree and Sioux,
plus tales of voyageurs, mounties, missionaries
and homesteaders, the R.M. of St. Francois
Xavier occupies the NW corner of the rich
central plains. Derived from a native legend,
the region, by the Assiniboine River's scenic
banks, is known locally as "White Horse Plain.
The principal centre is the St.Francois Xavier
community. Established in 1880, the rural
municipality is a true example of Canadiana, and
its history is certainly worth
exploring. The Delta
Marsh. It's a short, smooth and pleasant
drive from Winnipeg to Portage La Prairie, and a
key point of interest along the way is Delta
Marsh, a large grassland area at the south end
of Lake Manitoba. The marsh is famous as a
staging point for waterfowl. Portage la
Prairie In days of yore,
muscles of steel were needed by 'les voyageurs'
to tote their canoes overland, hence the
romantic name Portage la Prairie marked the
spot. It honours one of French Canada's most
famous explorers, Pierre de la Vérendrye,
who stopped here in the 1730s. The city's Island
Park - Crescent Lake complex is a year round
attraction, featuring "Splash Island," a new
outdoor leisure waterpark with two giant
waterslides. On site are an 18-hole golf course,
baseball diamonds and an oval for horse racing,
playground, picnic and barbecues facilities. The
area attracts one of North America's largest
flocks of Canada Geese Of special note are the
Fort la Reine Museum and Pioneer Village, the
William Glesby Performing Arts Centre and the
Portage Arts Centre and Gallery. On the city's
southern outskirts is Portage Spillway Wayside
Park, a popular recreation spot. Being a major
food processing center, Portage la Prairie is
square in the middle of Canada's richest, most
productive farmland. The annual Portagex,
Western Canada's oldest running fair salutes
this agriculture heritage. Lights
Fantastic! Portage la Prairie won the coveted
Winterlights Celebration from Communities in
Bloom , a glowing example beingsthe "Manitoba
Hydro Power Smart Island of Lights," presented
by A Channel. A kaleidoscope of blazing colour,
this 2-time national award winning light show
has over 475 animated and static light displays,
using over 135,000 bulbs. Plane Facts.
Nearby Lake Manitoba's warm, shallow waters
bring fond memories for those who spent months
of training with the Royal Canadian Air force.
Today, the former Southport base is still
thriving as an educational, flight training and
technical , with a promising future in aerospace
and related industries. Leaving the city of
Portage La Prairie in your rear view mirror, the
Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway continues, with
Lake Manitoba to the north and Sprucewoods
Provincial Park to the south. Gladstone Have you heard
the expression - "in the middle of everywhere?"
That's how one might describe Gladstone, which
claims to be at or near North America's
geographic centre. Settled in 1872, agricultural
and food processing are its claim to fame, with
names like McCain's and Maple Leaf Foods. Would
you believe Gladstone was originally called
Palestine? It was changed to honour a popular
British Prime Minister. Now becoming a prime
retirement community, Gladstone has the right
ingredients; friendly folk, a lush golf course
and city operated park for starters. At the Town
Museum, one can trace the area's past -- and
check the porcelain curios at Manitoba's largest
gift shop. A nameplate on
the Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway nearby
reads, "This cairn marks third crossing of the
Whitemud River on the Pioneer Trail from Fort
Garry to Edmonton." Neepawa Don't you just
love the name Neepawa, with its lilting, musical
sound? Say it softly, with a smile and give
thanks, because in the Cree language, Neepawa
means "abundance" or "place of plenty." Blessed
with such a name, this delightful Manitoba
community can't help but prosper. If you arrive
in summer, stay a while and enjoy Neepawa's Lily
Festival, where the whole community blossoms
with pride. Neepawa's homegrown celebrity,
Margaret Laurence, author of "The Stone Angels"
grew up in Neepawa, and local settings were used
in several of her best sellers As portrayed in
so many John Wayne western movie scripts, the
action started the day the railway came to town.
The real estate boom it sparked left a prized
collection of vintage buildings in its wake,
each lovingly preserved for the new millennium.
After a day on the road, Neepawa's "Walking
Tours" combine a glimpse of local history with
fresh air and much needed exercise. To many, the
name Neepawa brings back memories as a World War
II air force base and NATO training
centre. Minnedosa Speaking of
meaningful, musical place names, "Minnedosa"
combines the Sioux word for water (minne) and
rapid water (duza). Its river is a tributary of
the Assiniboine, which connects to the Forks at
Winnipeg. Known as Manitoba's Valley Paradise,
Minnedosa was recently voted the Province's most
beautiful town, so take time to look around,
smell the flowers and stretch your imagination.
Steeped in early Canadian history, this bustling
community was a stopping place in the 1880s for
Red River carts heading west along on the
Edmonton Trail. Choose your level or type of
activity - be it sports fishing, horseback
riding or hiking -- there is something here for
visitors of all ages. As a tribute to the First
Nations and Manitoba's provincial symbol, the
main recreation area is Bison Park. Many
travelers use Minnedosa on the Trans Canada
Yellowhead Highway, as home base for day trips
or overnight excursions to Riding Mountain, one
of Western Canada's most outstanding playground
areas. Riding
Mountain National Park. The Park is an
"island of the prairies," where buffalo roam and
500 species of wildlife thrive. You can enjoy
lectures, even take wolf-howling lessons here,
but the Plains Indians' relationship with the
buffalo is the top item on the agenda. Bathers
will enjoy Clear Lake's sandy beach, while those
afoot and on horseback, can rove the meadows,
aspen groves and evergreen forests using the
park's network of wilderness trails. Shoal
Lake Back in the
rough and ready days of redcoat justice, native
treaties and the fur trade, Shoal Lake's tiny
settlement stood on the far western boundary of
Manitoba, then a new member of the Dominion.
With the Royal Northwest Mounted Police post
being located on the neck of Shoal Lake (its
narrowest point) local Mounties could observe
traffic en route to the territories. As more
settlers made their way west, the main community
took root several miles away. As a result, Shoal
Lake now boasts two authentic RCMP posts. With
such a colorful history, Shoal Lake and the RM
of Shoal Lake have created a Cultural Heritage
Village Museum, to include Elliott House, an
original school house from 1907 and an extensive
collection of wagons and horse drawn vehicles
and farm equipment. The RM of
Harrison Sandy Lake and
Newdale are the main population centres to visit
in the Rural Municipality of Harrison.
Conditions here are ideal for livestock and
growing rye, wheat, oats, barley, canola and
alfalfa. Many come to retire here in one of the
friendliest, laid back areas on the Trans Canada
Yellowhead Highway. Strathclair Silver rails and
azure skies. The Strathclair district includes
the Little Saskatchewan River, the Assiniboine
River, Lake Aud, Clear Lake and Riding Mountain
National Park. the southeast is a fertile valley
with forested areas. A Hudson's Bay Company fur
trading post was built upstream near
Elphinstone. The first major activity in the
area started with the Strathclair Railway
Station &endash; its name being a combination of
the Scottish word "strath" for valley and
"clair" for the surveyor Sinclair. As a salute
to its railway days, the district museum is
housd in a former Canadian Pacific Station,
standing proudly beside an old country church, a
blacksmith shop and various relics of farm
machinery. By the way, there's no shortage of
fun activities in the area, with all of the
usual water sports at Thomas and Salt
Lakes. R.M. of
Russell Surrounding the
Town of Russell and Village of Binscarth, the
agriculturally based R. M. of Russell extends
west to the Saskatchewan border. Spear Lake is
popular for trout fishing; other options for
recreation and relaxation abound, including
scenic tours of the beautiful Assiniboine
Valley. Binscarth What's happening
in River City? With a capital P, it stands for
pool. That's right - Binscarth has an outdoor
swimming pool that's the largest on the Trans
Canada Yellowhead Highway -- so bring your
rubber fins. Here in Silver Creek Valley,
there's miniature golf, beach volleyball,
barbecues and hiking trails. Binscarthians are
proud of their past, which comes alive at the
Gordon Orr Memorial Museum, where rare relics of
buffalo hunting days and native heritage blend
with early farm life and remnants of a bustling
turn-of-the century town. Being typically
Canadian the museum has a vintage Massey Harris
tractor, binder and seed drill. And don't let
anyone tell you that the buffalo aren't coming
back A tour of Silver Creek's Buffalo Ranch is
proof positive. Russell General Lord
Alexander George Russell, in whose honour the
town was named, commanded Canada's fledgling
armed forces in the late 1800s. A replica of the
period is Boulton Manor, now a prime tourist
attraction. This stately, well-preserved mansion
once belonged to the family of Major Charles
Boulton, who led Canadian troops to the
battleground at Batoche during Northwest
Rebellion. Should you wish to stay overnight,
Boulton Manor has become a cozy bed and
breakfast residence, offering tea service
followed by a walking tour of the community. For
the record, it was Major Boulton who founded the
town of Russell in his friend's name. Birtle
Located near the
Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway, the Town of
Birtle is the main community of the RM of
Birtle, which has a population of 1,000. The
town provides a variety of services for highway
travellers. Continued:
Saskatchewan Footnotes: When the great
buffalo hunt OF 1840 was organized, no less than
1,210 Red River carts took the trail west from
Fort Garry onto the southwest plains. It was
truly the beginning of the Trans Canada
Yellowhead Highway as we know it
today. Beginning at the
Forks, this trail was, for more than fifty
years, the main artery of all the trails into
the West. Historically speaking, the Trans
Canada Yellowhead Highway is the way of the
pioneers. One of the World's Greatest
Drives. It provides
access to five National Parks, three National
Historic Sites, and more than ninety Provincial
Parks. No wonder the Trans Canada Yellowhead is
known as the "Park to Park Highway" The Trans Canada
Yellowhead boasts excellent year-round road
conditions, hundreds of kilometers of four-lane
highway with wide shoulders and gentle mountain
grades and contours. So it's easy to enjoy the
drive, especially since the Yellowhead is the
only highway the travels between the mountains
instead of over them. That means lower fuel
bills, less vehicle wear and tear, and
spectacular scenery Of the five
passes through the Rockies, the Yellowhead Pass
is by far the most gentle. |
||||||||||||||||
California
State Parks, with the support of the
California State Railroad Museum
Foundation, continues to make progress
toward placing the Railroad Museum's
next phase in the historic Southern
Pacific Sacramento Shops complex.
Located adjacent to downtown
Sacramento, the Shops are one of North
America's most important industrial
heritage sites. Proposed for the site
is the Railroad Technology Museum
(RTM), a major expansion of the
California State Railroad
Museum.
Get
a copy of my official Road Map, or a reasonable
facsimile? Stretch it out on the table or across
the hood or your vehicle. Glancing from east to
west, you'll see that my eastern terminus is
Winnipeg, Manitoba at the foot of two large
lakes. Tracing my path westward, I parallel the
North Saskatchewan River to Edmonton, and follow
the Athabaska River into Jasper National Park,
Canada's Rocky Mountain playground. Further west
near Mount Robson, I give motorists the option
of heading directly west via Prince George, or
south via Kamloops to the town of Hope at the
entrance to the Fraser Valley and port of
Vancouver. On these segments I follow the North
Thompson, the Mighty Fraser and Skeena
Rivers.
Canada's
Historic Route. To begin your journey down
my pathway to pleasure, imagine your auto or RV
is a time-capsule, as you cruise along this
broad ribbon of Canadiana, in the wake of
nomadic hunters, voyageurs, missionaries,
traders, sodbusters, fortune-seekers and
railroad builders. Before we dim the lights and
start the movie, you're curious to know how the
name Yellowhead was derived -- right? In the
1870s, a roving Iroquois Metis guide, dubbed
Tete Jaune for his golden locks, gave title to a
mountain pass near Jasper House, and gained
instant immortality. Fly-Drive
Holidays are
all the rage, in an age when time has become
more valuable than money. You can fly the "Air
Highways" to dozens of gateway airports from
east to west, then take your pick of ground
transport, be it an automobile, van or RV rental
or Via Rail Canada's Yellowhead- Skeena Route to
Prince Rupert.
I am the Yellowhead. 
MANITOBA
SECTION
Red
River Cart, York Boats and Buffalo Hunts. At
Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, North
America's oldest stone fur trading post stands
as a lone sentinel on the Red River shore.
Launch-point for York Boat brigades heading to
Hudson's Bay, the Mackenzie River or Athabaska
Country -- or Red River carts bound for
Minnesota, Lower Fort Garry was a bastion of
Empire. Plan to stay awhile -- fresh bread's
baking in the stone oven at Governor Simpson's
Big House. Dinner's in the oven, and a magic
lantern show is about to tell the fort's unique
story. How more than1,200 Red River carts took
off from here onto the southwestern plains
during the great buffalo hunt of 1840. Some say
this wild melee gave birth to today's Trans
Canada Yellowhead Highway.
R.M.
of St. Francois Xavier